Pdfnational Physical Therapy Examination Review and Study Guide
For many folks, the discussion "literature" conjures up memories of high schoolhouse English class reading lists. While the Western literary catechism is expanding to include, and elevate, stories outside of what white, Western readers have dubbed "the classics," in that location are still some works that ingather up in every student'due south career, from Frankenstein and the Epic of Gilgamesh to Beloved and The Great Gatsby. So, why is literature important — and why do we written report it?
Merriam-Webster defines literature as poetry or prose that has "excellence of form or expression and expressing ideas of permanent or universal interest." While information technology may sound trite to say, the world's greatest works of literature have changed minds, sparked rebellions, and helped to alter the grade of history. While information technology would be impossible to contain all of literature's contributions and multitudes hither, we're going to have a look at some of the landmark moments in this art form'southward history.
Literature Transports The states To the Past
Similar other recovered art objects, literature has the power to tell us nigh ancient civilizations. Non only tin we understand their customs, values and lives, but we can become a amend idea of what their amusement looked like. The beginning-known examples of literature can be traced back to aboriginal Mesopotamia. Around 3400 BCE, the Sumerians developed a arrangement of writing chosen cuneiform, which immune scribes to record myths, hymns and poetry. Some of these earliest-known transcriptions include the "Kesh Temple Hymn" and the "Instructions of Shuruppak," both of which were written around 2500 BCE.
The Epic of Gilgamesh, a long-form Mesopotamian poem, was originally written effectually 2100 BCE. Even today, Gilgamesh is considered the first groovy masterpiece of world literature. In fact, much of the Bible parallels this ancient work, furthering emphasizing just how universal and influential Gilgamesh was — and continues to be today.
In 375 BCE, Plato, the Athenian philosopher, authored The Republic, a dialogue betwixt Socrates and his fellow Greek thinkers, which explores thought-provoking questions about justice, order and the simply man. And, around the 8th century BCE, the landmark epics attributed to the poet Homer, The Odyssey and The Iliad, helped preserve Greek mythology and history in writing.
Literature Helps Usa Reevaluate Our Worlds
Early, literature was contained within verse and dramatic works — later all, performing plays was another not bad source of entertainment. During the 11th century, or the Heian flow, Japanese noblewoman and lady-in-waiting Murasaki Shikibu penned The Tale of Genji, which is considered the first modern novel by many scholars.
Years after, in Europe, things started to shift in a meaningful manner in the wake of Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, a collection of 24 stories written in Middle English betwixt 1387 and 1400. Picking up the prose torch around 1485, Thomas Malory published Le Morte d'Arthur, i of the first novels in the Western catechism. During the Renaissance, writers like Molière began satirizing everything from the church and regime to order at large, showing that written works had the propensity to shift the balance of power and make people rethink their world views.
During the 16th century, also known as the Ming dynasty, the Chinese novel Journey to the West was published. Attributed to Wu Cheng'en, this satire- and apologue-filled work is considered one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. Around the same time, William Shakespeare was helping to lay the foundations of modern English and arts and crafts the literary tropes and story formats we still savour today. And, of course, in 1615 Miguel de Cervantes penned Don Quixote, a romantic, archetypal novel that's considered 1 of the most influential works of all time.
Literature Gives Folks a Voice and Platform — and Let's Readers See Themselves Reflected
Again, it'south incommunicable to fully encapsulate the breadth of literary history here. Moreover, this article focuses on written works, only it'southward important to note that many cultures and groups of people tape stories through imagery instead — or pass their stories down in oral traditions. All of this to say, our view of literature is a narrow ane, and, in many means, limited by the style educational institutions have shaped our agreement of what works are of import.
James Simpson, head of Harvard University'southward English Department, spoke well-nigh these limitations directly in an open alphabetic character to the Wall Street Journal entitled "Swell Literature Magnifies Repressed Voices, Always." For Simpson, the ages-one-time Western literary catechism, which highlights the literary contributions of white (and often straight) men, "beguile[southward] the fundamental function of literature and other art forms, which is to hear the voices repressed by official forms of a given culture."
Of form, the literary canon has been refreshed in by, which proves that it's important to reshape and rethink the stories we deem essential. For instance, at the time of its writing Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter was kind of the scandalous (hands consumable) HBO-like story of the solar day. But, at present, it'south largely considered a probing, essential piece of work — not just entertainment. In the wake of World War I, authors like Virginia Woolf and F. Scott Fitzgerald penned novels, like Mrs. Dalloway and The Great Gatsby respectively, that captured their disillusionment kickoff and foremost. However, these continue to be must-read works due to the manner they exemplify arts and crafts and storytelling elements. (At to the lowest degree in function.)
More modern literature also ushered in the more than formal notion of literary sub-genres, ranging from science fiction — a genre created by Frankenstein author Mary Shelley — to romance, fantasy, and realism. By retracing certain tropes, conventions and character types, genre helps us understand the way item stories are shaped past categorizing them.
Without a uncertainty, literature helps united states of america uncover — be it an uncovering of the past, a present self, or a possible future. The nearly distinguished literary greats, like Toni Morrison, Alice Walker, Margaret Atwood, James Baldwin, Kazuo Ishiguro, Chinua Achebe, Jhumpa Lahiri, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Zadie Smith, and Maggie Nelson (and many, many more folks we don't have the infinite to name!), capture all of these facets. In brusk, by climbing into the minds of other characters and worlds — in stepping exterior of ourselves — literature allows us to understand universal truths; change minds; stir empathy; and express our identities and values in lasting, far-reaching means.
Source: https://www.reference.com/world-view/importance-literature-society-1a66a3cd21a90dd8?utm_content=params%3Ao%3D740005%26ad%3DdirN%26qo%3DserpIndex
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